Abstract :
This research paper delves into the multifaceted landscape of Sharia law within the Islamic tradition, offering a comprehensive exploration that spans historical foundations, theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, and contemporary challenges. The term “Sharia,” derived from Arabic, signifies a comprehensive system governing religious, legal, and ethical aspects of life, serving as a moral compass for millions across the Muslim-majority world. The study begins by examining the primary sources of Sharia—the Quran and the Hadith—unveiling the theological and divine foundations upon which this legal framework rests. The interplay between divine revelation and human reasoning, encapsulated in the process of ijtihad, is explored, showcasing the dynamic evolution of Sharia within the Sunni tradition and the distinctive methodologies of legal schools. The classical division of Sharia into uṣūl al-fiqh and furūʿ al-fiqh unveils the theoretical principles and practical applications of Islamic jurisprudence. Ethical considerations are integral to Sharia, surpassing mere legality to encompass moral dimensions, categorizing actions into a spectrum from mandatory to prohibited. Concepts like maqasid and maslaha further underscore the ethical underpinnings of Sharia, aligning legal norms with broader objectives of preserving human well-being. The paper traces the practical application of Sharia through Islamic legal institutions, with historical examples from the Ottoman Empire and British India illustrating the dynamic interaction between Sharia and state governance. Specific legal concepts, such as qisas, shed light on the historical evolution of Sharia’s resolution tools. The relationship between Sharia and democracy emerges as a central theme, reflecting diverse cultural interpretations. Case studies from Turkey, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western democracies provide a nuanced exploration of the challenges and opportunities in reconciling Sharia with democratic governance. The experiences of Muslim minority populations and debates within pluralistic societies underscore the complexities of accommodating Islamic legal principles within diverse frameworks.

Keywords :
Socio-Cultural Interpretation, Democracy and Sharia, Legal Ethics, Ijtihad, Islamic Jurisprudence, Quranic Principles, Sharia Courts, Sharia Law, Sunni Legal Schools.

–

References :

• Abd Razak, A. H. (2020). Multiple Sharia’board directorship: a Maslahah (public interest) perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(3), 745-764.
• Abdulla, R. S., & Keshavjee, M. M. (2018). Understanding Sharia: Islamic Law in a Globalised World: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Abou Ramadan, M. (2015). Islamic legal hybridity and patriarchal liberalism in the Sharia courts in Israel. Journal of Levantine Studies, 4(2), 39-67.
• Absar, A. A. (2020). Restorative justice in Islam with special reference to the concept of Diyya. Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice, 3(1), 38-56.
• Abubakar, A. (2017). Islamic Law Practice and Procedure in Nigerian Courts: Malthouse Press.
• Adil, M. A. M., & Saidon, R. (2017). Religion as a determinant of child welfare in custody cases in Malaysia and classical Islamic law: A comparative overview. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 274(5579), 1-12.
• Adzim, F. A. F., Saifullah, A. H. M., & Mohd, A. (2021). Shared parenting vs sole custody in Malaysian Shariah Courts: Lessons from Covid-19. INSLA E-Proceedings, 4(1), 11-23.
• Afrianty, D. (2015). Women and sharia law in Northern Indonesia: local women’s NGOs and the reform of Islamic law in Aceh: Routledge.
• Afridawati, A. (2021). History, Typology, and Implementation of Islamic Law in Indonesia: Combination of Sharia and Fiqh or the Result of Historical Evolution? Al-Risalah, 21(1), 33-47.
• Agrama, H. A. (2015). Justice between Islamic Sharia and Liberal Law: Remarks on the Egyptian Context. A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East, 361-390.
• Ahmad, M. H., Baharuddin, A. S., Zakaria, M. A., Nordin, N., Ishak, S. K., & Othaman, N. K. (2020). Bukti saintifik dan penerimaannya di mahkamah syariah: Analisis perundangan bagi undang-undang keterangan mahkamah syariah. Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, 32(1), 67-92.
• Al-Khazaleh, Q., & El-Din, S. (2018). Legal Benefit: A Comparative Study between Legislation and Islamic Jurisprudence. J. Pol. & L., 11, 102.
• Alanzi, A. A. (2020). Exploring the legal system in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Innovation, 11.
• Alfitri, A. (2017). The Role of Sharia Judges in Indonesia: Between The Common Law and The Civil Law Systems. Mazahib, 110-124.
• Alias, M. A. A., Wan Ismail, W., Baharuddin, A. S., & Mutalib, L. A. (2021). An Overview on the Falsification of Document According to Fiqh and Legal Perspectives. Paper presented at the Proceeding of the 8th International Conference on Management and Muamalah.
• Alizar, M., & Muhammadi, Q. (2019). Islamic Sharia and Non-Muslim Citizens in Kanunname During Sultan Abdul Hamid Ii of the Ottoman Empire. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 27(1).
• Alotaibi, H. A. (2021). The challenges of execution of Islamic criminal law in developing Muslim Countries: An analysis based on Islamic principles and existing legal system. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1925413.
• Alziyadat, N., & Ahmed, H. (2019). Ethical decision‐making in Islamic financial institutions in light of Maqasid Al‐Sharia: A conceptual framework. Thunderbird international business review, 61(5), 707-718.
• An-Na‘im, A. A. (2020). Islam, Sharia and comparative constitutionalism. In Constitutions and religion (pp. 172-183): Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Arifin, M. (2021). The Influence Of Islamic Law And Economic Principles On Banking Industry In Indonesia. Pt. 2 J. Legal Ethical & Regul. Isses, 24, 1.
• Athief, F. H. N., & Juwanti, R. H. (2020). Court decisions on post-divorce children’s livelihood: Islamic law analysis on their practices in Indonesia and Malaysia. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan, 20(2), 151-173.
• Aykut, E. (2017). Judicial Reforms, Sharia Law, and the Death Penalty in the Late Ottoman Empire. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 4(1), 7-29.
• Ayoub, S. (2015). The Mecelle, Sharia, and the Ottoman State: Fashioning and refashioning of Islamic law in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 2(1), 121-146.
• Azani, M. (2021). The Development of Islamic Law in Indonesia Through Traditional Theory and Legal Changes. Jurnal Mahkamah: Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 6(2), 113-128.
• Azeez, Y. A., Zakariyah, L., Shukor, S. A., & Salleh, A. Z. (2016). Codification of islamic family law in Malaysia: the contending legal intricacies. Science International.
• Azhari, A. F., Basri, M. M. i., & Muin, F. (2016). TRANSFORMATION OF MAQÂSHID Al-SYARÎ’AH (An Overview of the Development of Islamic Law in Indonesia). AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 11(1), 1-18.
• Baderin, M. A. (2017). Effective Legal Representation in “Shari’ah” Courts as a Means of addressing Human Rights Concerns in the Islamic Criminal Justice System of Muslim States. In Issues in Islamic Law (pp. 397-429): Routledge.
• Baharuddin, A. S., Ruskam, A., & Yacob, A. R. (2015). The Role of Forensic Biology in Realising MaqÄ sid al-Shariah (The Objectives of Islamic Law). Sains Humanika, 4(1).
• Baig, M. R. (2015). Operating Islamic jurisprudence in non-Muslim jurisdictions: traditional Islamic precepts and contemporary controversies in the United States. Chi.-Kent L. Rev., 90, 79.
• Baroody, G. M. (2019). The practice of law in Saudi Arabia. In King Faisal and the Modernisation of Saudi Arabia (pp. 113-124): Routledge.
• Bearman, P., & Peters, R. (2016). The Ashgate research companion to Islamic law: Routledge.
• Belal, Y. (2018). Islamic Law, Truth, Ethics: Fatwa and Jurisprudence of the Revolution. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 38(1), 107-121.
• Bello, A. H. (2020). Admissibility of circumstantial evidence in hudud: examining pregnancy as proof of zina in the Sharia courts of Northern Nigeria. J. Int’l L. Islamic L., 16, 112.
• Benhalim, R. (2018). Religious Courts in Secular Jurisdictions: How Jewish and Islamic Courts Adapt to Societal and Legal Norms. Brook. L. Rev., 84, 745.
• Berger, M. S. (2016). sharia and the nation state. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (pp. 223-234): Routledge.
• Berger, M. S. (2018). Understanding sharia in the West. Journal of Law, Religion and State, 6(2-3), 236-273.
• Bhatti, M. (2019). Managing Shariah non-compliance risk via Islamic dispute resolution. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(1), 2.
• Billaud, J. (2016). Ethics and affects in British Sharia councils:“A simple way of getting to paradise”. In Islam and public controversy in Europe (pp. 159-172): Routledge.
• Bishara, F. A. (2020). Histories of law and economic life in the Islamic world. History Compass, 18(4), e12612.
• Busari, J. M. (2021). Shari ‘a as Customary Law? An Analytical Assessment from the Nigerian Constitution and Judicial Precedents. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 21(1).
• Buskens, L. (2016). Sharia and the colonial state. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (pp. 209-221): Routledge.
• Carback, J. T. (2016). On Sharia in American Family Law: Confronting the Dangers of Legal Pluralism. Int’l J. Jurisprudence Fam., 7, 165.
• Chambert-Loir, H. (2017). Islamic law in 17th century Aceh. Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien(94), 51-96.
• Chowdhury, N., & Shaker, F. (2015). Shariah governance framework of the Islamic banks in Malaysia. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 4(10).
• Colon, J. C. (2019). Choice of law in Islamic finance. In Dispute Resolution in Islamic Finance (pp. 8-29): Routledge.
• Daniels, T. P. (2017). Introduction: Sharia Dynamics and the Anthropology of Islam. Sharia Dynamics: Islamic Law and Sociopolitical Processes, 1-27.
• Dewar, J. R., & Hussain, M. (2021). The Islamic finance and markets law review: Law Business Research Limited.
• Djibrilla, M. M., Buang, A. H., & Olayemi, A. A. M. (2017). The Challenges of Shariah Compliance in the Islamic Banking Practices: Whether Ibn-Al Qayyim’s Principles of Muamalat be the Panacea? The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 73-85.
• Dogan, O. (2015). Rethinking Islamic jurisprudence for Muslim minorities in the West.
• Dupret, B. (2018). What is the Sharia? : Oxford University Press.
• Dutta, S. (2021). Divorce, kinship, and errant wives: Islamic feminism in India, and the everyday life of divorce and maintenance. Ethnicities, 21(3), 454-476.
• El Daouk, M. (2021). English case law on Islamic finance: Interpretation and application of Shariah principles. Journal of Islamic Finance.
• Endut, N. (2015). Reconstructing justice for women in the courts: an investigation of Syariah court processes in Malaysia. Gendered entanglements: revisitung gender in rapidly changing Asia, 263-293.
• Ercanbrack, J. (2019). The standardization of Islamic financial law: lawmaking in modern financial markets. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 67(4), 825-860.
• Ergene, B. A. (2016). Qanun and sharia. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (pp. 109-120): Routledge.
• Esmaeili, H. (2015). Australian Muslims: The role of Islamic law and integration of Muslims into Australian society. Flinders LJ, 17, 69.
• Esposito, J. L., & Delong-Bas, N. J. (2018). Shariah: what everyone needs to know: Oxford University Press.
• Fadel, M. (2016). State and sharia. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (pp. 93-107): Routledge.
• FARUQI, D. S. S., & Malaysia, G. (2015). Shariah Laws, Civil Laws and the Federal Constitution. Breaking The Silence: Voices of Moderation: Islam in a Constitutional Democracy.
• Ghosh, S., & Chakrabarti, A. (2021). Religion-based ‘Personal’Law, Legal Pluralism and Secularity: A Field View of Adjudication under Muslim Personal Law in India. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, 10(2), 254-274.
• Grassa, R. (2015). Shariah supervisory systems in Islamic finance institutions across the OIC member countries: An investigation of regulatory frameworks. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 23(2), 135-160.
• Gulam, H. (2016). The application of shariah (islamic law) in some different countries and its implications. Jurnal Syariah, 24(2).
• Gwangndi, M. I. (2016). The Socio-Legal Context of the Nigerian Legal System and the Shariah Controversy: An Analysis of Its Impact on Some Aspects of Nigerian Women’s Rights. JL Pol’y & Globalization, 45, 60.
• Hakim, M. L. (2021). Sharī’a, Fiqh, and Qānūn: A Portrait of the Cognitive Nature of Islamic Law in Indonesia. Asy-Syir’ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum, 55(1), 25-48.
• Hamid, A. F. A. (2016). Syariahization of intra-Muslim religious freedom and human rights practice in Malaysia: the case of Darul Arqam. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 28-54.
• Hamid, A. F. A. (2018). Shariaization of Malay-Muslim identity in contemporary Malaysia. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 91(2), 49-78.
• Hanapi, A., & YUhermansyah, E. (2020). Urgency of marriage registration for women and child protection in Gayo Lues District. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 4(2), 528-544.
• Hariyanto, E. (2019). The Settlement of Sharia Banking Dispute Based on Legal Culture as a Practice of Indonesian Islamic Moderation. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 14(2), 301-316.
• Hasan-Bello, A. (2019). Sharia in the Nigerian Constitutions: Examining the Constitutional Conferences and the Sharia Debates in the Drafts. Al-Ahkam, 29(1), 1-26.
• Hasballah, K., Nurdin, R., Zainuddin, M., & Fahmi, M. (2021). Patah Titi and Substitute Heirs: A Study of Legal Pluralism on the Inheritance System in Aceh Community. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 21(2).
• Hassan, I. (2020). Developing language proficiency for academic purposes: A study of Sharia Law students in Malaysia. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(03).
• Hefner, R. W. (2016). Shari’a Law and the Quest for a Modern Muslim Ethics. Shari ‘a law and modern Muslim ethics, 1-33.
• Hefner, R. W. (2017). Sharia Law and Muslim Ethical Imaginaries in Modern Indonesia. Sharia Dynamics: Islamic Law and Sociopolitical Processes, 91-115.
• Huis, S. C. v. (2015). Islamic courts and women’s divorce rights in Indonesia: The cases of Cianjur and Bulukumba. Universiteit Leiden.
• Hussain, M. A., Hassan, R., Azhar, A., & Hasan, A. (2017). The appointment of members to the Shariah Advisory Council of Central Bank of Malaysia: Legal issues. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 8, 167-181.
• Hussin, M. N. M. (2016). Amalan Pembahagian Harta Sepencarian di Malaysia: Satu Sorotan Literatur. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 1(1).
• Iakovidis, I., & McDonough, P. (2019). The Molla Sali case: how the European court of human rights escaped a legal labyrinth while holding the thread of human rights. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, 8(2), 427-446.
• Ismail, S. Z. (2016). The Legal Perspective of Khalwat (Close Proximity) as a Shariah Criminal Offence in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 24(3).
• Ismail, S. Z., & Awang Mat, M. Z. (2016). Faith and freedom: The Qur’anic notion of freedom of religion vs. the act of changing religion and thoughts on the implications for Malaysia. Religions, 7(7), 88.
• Ismail, W., Baharuddin, A. S., Mutalib, L. A., & Alias, M. A. A. (2021). An appraisal of digital documents as evidence in Islamic Law. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3), 198-205.
• Ismail, W. A. F. b. W., & Asutay, M. (2017). The legal forensic model in determining the genuineness of Islamic banking documents and their application in Shariah Courts. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah.
• Ismail, W. A. F. W. (2015). Forms of document falsification in Malaysia’s Syariah courts. Geografia, 11(9).
• Ismail, W. A. F. W., Baharuddin, A. S., Mutalib, L. A., & Alias, M. A. A. (2020). The Admissibility of Digital Document According to Syariah Law: A Preliminary Analysis.
• Ismail, W. A. F. W., Mutalib, L. A., Abdullah, Z. H., Amani, N. C., & Khir, M. M. (2015). Document forensic, the fiqh and the Syariah Courts. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space.
• Ismail, W. A. F. W., Shukor, S. A., Hashim, H., Mutalib, L. A., & Baharuddin, A. S. (2019). The reality on application and challenges of closed-circuit television (CCTV) images as evidence in shariah criminal cases in Malaysia. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews.
• Jamal, J., & Hashim, H. (2016). Syariah Court’s Alternative Sentences: The Need for Improvement of the States’ Shariah Legal Provisions. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 4, 1-16.
• Janin, H., & Kahlmeyer, A. (2015). Islamic law: The Sharia from Muhammad’s time to the present: McFarland.
• Jones, J. (2019). Where Only Women May Judge’: Developing Gender-Just Islamic Laws in India’s All-Female ‘Sharī ‘ah Courts. Islamic Law and Society, 26(4), 437-466.
• Kalanges, K. (2016). Sharia and Modernity. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (pp. 277-289): Routledge.
• Kamali, M. H. (2017). Shariah Law: Questions and Answers: Simon and Schuster.
• Kamali, M. H. (2019). Crime and punishment in Islamic law: A fresh interpretation: Oxford University Press.
• Karjoko, L., Jaelani, A. K., Tegnan, H., Glaser, H., & Hayat, M. J. (2021). Islamic Court’s Approach to Land Dispute in Inheritance Cases. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 21(2).
• Kassam, R. (2017). No go zones: how sharia law is coming to a neighborhood near you: Simon and Schuster.
• Keshavjee, M. M. (2016). Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and its potential for helping Muslims reclaim the higher ethical values (Maqasid) underpinning the Sharia. The state of social progress of Islamic societies: Social, economic, political, and ideological challenges, 607-621.
• Khedher, R. (2017). Tracing the development of the Tunisian 1956 code of personal status. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 18(4), 30-37.
• Khoukaz, G. (2017). Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration: The Need for an Intra-Islamic Arbitral Institution. J. Disp. Resol., 181.
• Kloos, D., & Berenschot, W. (2016). Citizenship and Islam in Malaysia and Indonesia. 2016). Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia, 178-210.
• Koumoutzis, N., & Papastylianos, C. (2019). Human Rights Issues Arising from the Implementation of Sharia Law on the Minority of Western Thrace—ECtHR Molla Sali v. Greece, Application No. 20452/14, 19 December 2018. Religions, 10(5), 300.
• Krawietz, B. (2016). sharia and medical ethics. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (pp. 291-305): Routledge.
• Kunhibava, S. (2015). Ensuring Shariah compliance at the courts and the role of the Shariah Advisory Council in Malaysia. Malayan Law Journal, 3(1), 1-40.
• Lindbekk, M. (2017). Inscribing Islamic Shari ‘a in Egyptian divorce law. Oslo Law Review, 3(2), 103-135.
• Lindsey, T., & Pausacker, H. (2016). Religion, law and intolerance in Indonesia: Routledge.
• Lindsey, T., & Steiner, K. (2016). Islam, the monarchy and criminal law in Brunei: the Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013. Griffith Law Review, 25(4), 552-580.
• Lydon, G. (2018). Inventions and Reinventions of Sharia in African History and the Recent Experiences of Nigeria, Somalia and Mali. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 40(1).
• Mahmod, Z., & Buang, A. H. (2016). Kehakiman dan penghakiman mahkamah syariah di Malaysia: Satu sorotan. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 1(2).
• Malek, M. M. A., Jeniwaty, M., Sulaiman, M., & Harun, S. M. (2015). In the purview of an oath from the jurisprudential method of Islamic law of evidence. Paper presented at the Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and communication: Proceedings of the 1st ICIBACC 2014.
• Malik, O. L. A., & Muda, F. S. B. (2015). The concept of reconciliation (Sulh) in Islamic family law and matrimonial dispute settlement practice in Nigeria. Peak Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 1-7.
• Markom, R., & Yaakub, N. I. (2015). Litigation as dispute resolution mechanism in Islamic finance: Malaysian experience. European Journal of Law and Economics, 40, 565-584.
• Masse, R. A., & Rusli, M. (2018). Islamic Banking Dispute Resolution in National Sharia Arbitration Board. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
• Masud, M. K. (2019). Modernizing Islamic Law in Pakistan: Reform or Reconstruction? Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 42(2), 73-97.
• Mawardi, A. I., & Riza, A. K. (2019). Why did Kompilasi Hukum Islam succeed while its counter legal draft failed? A political context and legal arguments of the codification of Islamic law for religious courts in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 13(2), 421-453.
• McGoldrick, D. (2019). Sharia Law in Europe? Legacies of the Ottoman Empire and the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, 8(3), 517-566.
• Meirison, M., & Nazar, Z. (2021). Intellectual Property Rights and Monopoly in the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence. Al- Ahkam, 31(1), 49-68.
• Minarrahmah, N. (2020). Legal penalty of divorce outside the religious court in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim,
• Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2016). Moral contestations and patriarchal ethics: Women challenging the justice of Muslim family laws. Shari’a law and modern Muslim ethics, 65-83.
• Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2018). Justice and Equality and Muslim Family Laws: New Ideas, New Prospects. Sharia and Justice: An Ethical, Legal, Political, and Cross-cultural Approach, 73.
• Mohamad, M. (2017). Contesting Syariah Laws in Malaysia: Religion, Human Rights and the State’s Response. J. Pol. & L., 10, 140.
• Mohd Noor, N. S., Mohd. Shafiai, M. H., & Ismail, A. G. (2019). The derivation of Shariah risk in Islamic finance: a theoretical approach. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10(5), 663-678.
• Moustafa, T. (2017). Judging in God’s name: State power, secularism, and the politics of Islamic law in Malaysia. In Religious Rights (pp. 267-282): Routledge.
• Moustafa, T. (2018a). Constituting religion: Islam, liberal rights, and the Malaysian state: Cambridge University Press.
• Moustafa, T. (2018b). The judicialization of religion. Law & Society Review, 52(3), 685-708.
• Moustafa, T., & Sachs, J. A. (2018). Law and society review special issue introduction: Islamic law, society, and the state. Law & Society Review, 52(3), 560-573.
• Muhamad, N. H. N., Kamarudin, A. H., Sholehuddin, N., Hamid, M. F. A., Muhidin, I., Karim, K. A., & Adbullah, A. H. (2019). Islamic intervivos law challenges in Malaysia. J. Legal Ethical & Regul. Isses, 22, 1.
• Muhidin, I., Muhamad, N. H. N., Kamarudin, M. K., Darawi, A. B. S., Noor, S. S. M., & Abdullah, A. (2021). The Concept of Wasatiyyah in Governing the Muslim Community of Singapore. The journal of contemporary issues in business and government, 27(3), 365-371.
• Mukharom, M., Heryanti, B. R., Astanti, D. I., & Aravik, H. (2020). Sharia economic legal contribution of economic development in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Economics Perspectives, 1(2), 43-50.
• Mukminin, K. (2019). Profit maximization in Islamic banking: An assemblage of maqasid shariah conception. European Journal of Islamic Finance(12).
• Mustafa, M., & Agbaria, A. K. (2016). Islamic jurisprudence of minorities (Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat): The case of the Palestinian Muslim minority in Israel. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 36(2), 184-201.
• Nabilah, W., Rizal, D., & Warman, A. B. (2021). Persecutory and Defamation as Barriers to Inheritance (Review of Maqāṣid Shari’ah in a Compilation of Islamic Law). Al Hurriyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 6(1), 49-62.
• Naff, T., & Dellapenna, J. (2017). Can there be confluence? A comparative consideration of Western and Islamic fresh water law. In International Law and Islamic Law (pp. 281-305): Routledge.
• Niaz, N. S. (2016). Women’s Shariah court-Muslim women’s quest for justice: an alternative dispute resolution forum for and by Muslim women: Notion Press.
• Olalekan, O. S. (2018). Autonomous vehicles and tortious liability: an Islamic perspective. Jurnal Syariah, 26(1), 99-122.
• Oraegbunam, I. K. (2016). Maliki jurisprudence and Boko Haram ideology versus Nigerian nation building: Need for pluralism in Islamic praxis. OGIRISI: A New Journal of African Studies, 12, 25-45.
• Ostien, P., Garba, A., & Abubakar, M. (2017). Nigeria’s Sharia Courts.
• Pa, H. C., Muhammad, N. H. N., & Mustar, S. (2016). Bidang kuasa eksklusif mahkamah syariah selepas pindaan Perkara 121 (1a) Perlembagaan Persekutuan: Satu penilaian. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 4, 1-13.
• Pakeeza, S., & Fatima, F. (2016). Ijtihad as a legislative function: Role of Ijtihad, Ifta and Taqleed in Legislative Process. Journal of Islamic & Religious Studies, 1(1), 33-45.
• Pasarlay, S. (2016). Islam and the Sharia in the 1993 Mujahideen Draft Constitution of Afghanistan: A Comparative Perspective. Indon. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 3, 183.
• Peletz, M. G. (2015). A tale of two courts: Judicial transformation and the rise of a corporate Islamic governmentality in Malaysia. American Ethnologist, 42(1), 144-160.
• Peletz, M. G. (2018). Are women getting (more) justice? Malaysia’s Sharia courts in ethnographic and historical perspective. Law & Society Review, 52(3), 652-684.
• Peletz, M. G. (2020). Sharia transformations: Cultural politics and the rebranding of an Islamic judiciary: Univ of California Press.
• Peters, R., & Bearman, P. (2016). Introduction: the nature of the sharia. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (pp. 1-10): Routledge.
• Petersen, J. (2020). The Islamic juridical vacuum and Islamic authorities’ role in divorce cases. Naveiñ Reet: Nordic Journal of Law and Social Research(10), 67-84.
• Pilgram, L. (2015). British-Muslim family law and citizenship. In Citizenship After Orientalism (pp. 207-220): Routledge.
• Poon, J. P., Pollard, J., & Chow, Y. W. (2018). Resetting neoliberal values: lawmaking in Malaysia’s Islamic finance. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(5), 1442-1456.
• Powell, E. J. (2015). Islamic law states and peaceful resolution of territorial disputes. International Organization, 69(4), 777-807.
• Powell, E. J. (2016). Islamic law states and the authority of the international court of justice: Territorial sovereignty and diplomatic immunity. Law & Contemp. Probs., 79, 209.
• Powell, E. J. (2019). Islamic law and international law: Peaceful resolution of disputes: Oxford University Press.
• Powell, R. (2016). Sharia in the Secular State: Evolving Meanings of Islamic Jurisprudence in Turkey: Routledge.
• Ramadhan, S. (2020). Islamic law, politics and legislation: development of Islamic law reform in political legislation of Indonesia. ADHKI: journal of islamic family law, 2(1), 63-76.
• Rani, F. A., Fikri, F., & Mahfud, M. (2020). Islam and National Law: A Formal Legal Review on Sharia Laws in Aceh. Al- Risalah, 20(1), 47-57.
• Razif, N. H. M. (2020). Intimacy under surveillance: Illicit sexuality, moral policing, and the state in contemporary Malaysia. Hawwa, 18(2-3), 325-356.
• Rehman, Y. (2016). Islamisation of the Muslim World. Feminist Dissent(1), 101-116.
• Rokhmad, A., & Susilo, S. (2017). Conceptualizing authority of the legalization of Indonesian women’s rights in Islamic family law. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 11(2), 489-508.
• Rosidah, Z. N. (2020). Limitation of Application of Sharia Principles in Sharia Economic Dispute Resolution in Religious Courts. Journal of Morality and Legal Culture, 1(1), 24-31.
• Sabrow, S. (2020). Non-enforcement as a Tool of Mediation in Pluralistic Societies. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 52(2), 154-179.
• Salaymeh, L. (2021). Decolonial translation: Destabilizing coloniality in secular translations of Islamic law. Journal of Islamic Ethics, 5(1-2), 250-277.
• Salh, S. A. (2021). Dispute Resolution of Islamic Financial Institutions, Court Litigation and Negotiation. institutions, 90.
• Salim, A. (2015). Contemporary Islamic law in Indonesia: Sharia and legal pluralism: Edinburgh University Press.
• Samuri, M. A. A. B., & Khan, A. S. N. (2020). Legal implications of conversion to Islam on civil marriage: Narrative of converts in Malaysia. Islamiyyat, 42(2), 103-111.
• Schenk, C. G. (2018). Islamic leaders and the legal geography of family law in Aceh, Indonesia. The Geographical Journal, 184(1), 8-18.
• Schenk, C. G. (2019). Legal and spatial ordering in Aceh, Indonesia: Inscribing the security of female bodies into law. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 51(5), 1128-1144.
• Schneider, I. (2020). Debating the Law, Creating Gender: Sharia and Lawmaking in Palestine, 2012-2018 (Vol. 18): Brill.
• Scott, R. M. (2021). Recasting Islamic law: Religion and the nation state in Egyptian constitution making: Cornell University Press.
• Shahed, W. (2019). reexamination of Islamic Laws: The entrance of Women in the Sharia Courts. Mich. St. Int’l L. Rev., 28, 139.
• Shakir, N. (2015). Islamic shariah and blasphemy laws in Pakistan. The Round Table, 104(3), 307-317.
• Shariff, A. A. M., Azhar, A., Rajamanickam, R., Manap, N. A., Hussein, S. M., Said, M. H. M., . . . Markom, R. (2019). Analysis on admissibility of DNA evidence in Malaysian syariah courts. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 8(4), 159-159.
• Sisson, E. (2015). The future of sharia law in American arbitration. Vand. J. Transnat’l L., 48, 891.
• Sonne, J. A. (2015). Domestic Applications of Sharia and the Exercise of Ordered Liberty. Seton Hall L. Rev., 45, 717.
• Sparr, A. E. (2014). Legal pluralism and Sharia: Implementing Islamic law in states and societies. E-International Relations, 18.
• Steiner, K. (2015). Governing Islam: The State, the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) and Islam in Singapore. Austl. J. Asian L., 16, 97.
• Steiner, K. (2018). Branding Islam: Islam, Law, and Bureaucracies in Southeast Asia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 37(1), 27-56.
• Suadi, A. (2020). Judicial Authority and the Role of the Religious Courts in the Settlement of Sharia Economic Disputes. Lex Publica, 7(2), 1-14.
• Sulaiman, M. A., WZ, W. Y., & Al-Edrus, S. (2017). Management Of Missing Person’s Properties In Maqasid Syariah Dimension. Sains Humanika, 9(1-4).
• Sumardi, D., Lukito, R., & Ichwan, M. N. (2021). Legal pluralism within the space of Sharia: Interlegality of criminal law traditions in Aceh, Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 5(1), 426-449.
• Syaikhu, S. (2019). The dispute settlements of inheritance in Palangka Raya: a legal antrhopology approach. Mazahib: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 18(1), 117-141.
• Syed, I. Y. (2018). Interest in Sharia: legal consequences and penal aspects in Sharia. Available at SSRN 3369733.
• Sykiainen, L. (2015). Sharia Courts: Modern Practice and Prospectives in Russia. Higher School of Economics Research Paper No. WP BRP, 60.
• Tagoranao, M. S. (2015). Productivity Of Malaysian Legal Educational System: Its Effective Resources To Match A Changing Job Market. Paper presented at the 2015 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings Barcelona, Spain January.
• Thalib, P. (2018). Distinction of characteristics sharia and fiqh on islamic law. Yuridika, 33(3), 439-452.
• Todorof, M. (2018). Shariah-compliant FinTech in the banking industry. Paper presented at the era Forum.
• Tønnessen, L. (2016). Women’s activism in Saudi Arabia: Male guardianship and sexual violence. CMI Report.
• Triana, N. (2017). Reconstructing Sharia Economic Dispute Resolution Based on Indonesian Muslim Society Culture. Ijtimā’iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research, 2(1), 107-128.
• Tsavousoglou, İ. (2017). The legal treatment of muslim minority women under the rule of Islamic law in Greek Thrace. Oslo Law Review, 2(3), 241-262.
• Uddin, I. (2018). Nikah-only Marriages: Causes, motivations, and their impact on dispute resolution and Islamic divorce proceedings in England and Wales. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, 7(3), 401-426.
• Uddin, I. (2020). Reformulation of Islamic Matrimonial Law: British Muslims, Contemporary Understandings and Normative Practices. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 40(1), 6-25.
• Valčiukas, J. (2018). Islamic law: a question of adaptability. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas,
• Voorhoeve, M. (2014). Gender and divorce law in North Africa: Sharia, custom and the personal status code in Tunisia: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Wahab, M. A. (2016). Arahan amalan Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia di mahkamah syariah: Suatu sorotan literatur. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 1(2).
• Warren, D. H., & Gilmore, C. (2014). One nation under God? Yusuf al-Qaradawi’s changing Fiqh of citizenship in the light of the Islamic legal tradition. Contemporary Islam, 8, 217-237.
• Wood, L. G. H. (2016). Islamic Legal Revival: Reception of European law and transformations in Islamic legal thought in Egypt, 1875-1952: Oxford University Press.
• Yanlua, M. (2015). Prospective Islamic law in Indonesia. Journal of Humanity, 3(1), 92460.
• Yilmaz, I. (2019). Muslims and Sacred Texts and Laws. Available at SSRN 3425623.
• Zaman, M. F. (2017). Islamic Movements, Women, and Social Reform: Who Speaks of the Sharia in Pakistan? Sharia Dynamics: Islamic Law and Sociopolitical Processes, 223-249.
• Zee, M. (2014). Five options for the relationship between the state and sharia councils: untangling the debate on sharia councils and women’s rights in the United Kingdom. Journal of Religion and Society, 16.
• Zeghal, M. (2016). The Implicit Sharia: Established Religion and Varietie of Secularism in Tunisia. In Varieties of Religious Establishment (pp. 107-130): Routledge.
• Zin, N. M. (2017). Female Judges in Malaysian Shariʿa Courts: A Problem of Gender or Legal Interpretation? In Women Judges in the Muslim World (pp. 153-177): Brill.
• Zoli, C., Bassiouni, M. C., & Khan, H. (2017). Justice in post-conflict settings: Islamic law and Muslim communities as stakeholders in transition. Utrecht J. Int’l & Eur. L., 33, 38.
• Zubaidah Ismail, S. (2015). At the foot of the Sultan: The dynamic application of shariah in Malaysia. Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (EJIMEL), 3(16), 69-81.

–

---

---

WEB – PAGE COUNTER